While service dogs have traditionally been provided to assist veterans with physical disabilities, there has been a growing interest in using service dogs to improve the quality of life of veterans suffering from mental health disorders. This article will explore some of the most recent research on the impact of service dogs in the treatment of PTSD.
An Emerging Complementary Treatment
Although PTSD awareness and treatments greatly improved in recent decades, U.S. military personnel have been encountering unprecedented stressors, resulting in an elevated risk of developing PTSD. Soldiers who served in Operations Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Enduring Freedom (OEF) were exposed to the constant threat of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and the strain of multiple deployments. These warfare conditions have contributed to PTSD cases that are often more severe than those observed following the Vietnam War.
29% of Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom veterans develop PTSD.
2024
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
A 2015 meta-analysis of the studies involving OEF/OIF veterans estimated that approximately 23% of veterans who served in Iraq and Afghanistan had PTSD [1]. The current estimate recognized by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is a 29% PTSD rate for the veterans who participated in the operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. Consequently, the demand for effective PTSD treatments for veterans has remained high, possibly surpassing that of any previous era in U.S. military history.
The VA has been providing a range of psychotherapies for PTSD treatment that can be broadly classified into two categories: trauma-focused and non-trauma-focused therapies. Trauma-focused therapies directly address traumatic experiences, requiring patients to actively engage with trauma-related memories, beliefs, and triggers. These therapies utilize various strategies, including behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, and emotion-focused approaches. In contrast, non-trauma-focused therapies avoid direct engagement with traumatic events, instead concentrating on building support, empathy, insight, and adaptive coping mechanisms.
Research has consistently demonstrated that trauma-focused therapies are significantly more effective. Therefore, the VA primarily offers two trauma-focused psychotherapies: Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT). These treatments have a remarkable efficacy in reducing PTSD symptoms and have benefited many veterans. However, their effectiveness hinges on the patient’s consistent and active participation over an extended period, often involving emotionally and practically demanding tasks. Such high level of commitment poses a persistent challenge for many veterans engaging in PE and CPT. [2]
Analysis of recent studies has shown that trauma-focused treatments have an average dropout rate of 27.1% among enlisted service members [3]. This could be even higher in uncontrolled conditions. Maguen et al.’s (2019) research of a single Veteran’s Health Administration facility under typical conditions, spanning from October 2001 to September 2015, found that only 22.8% of veterans initiated evidence-based psychotherapies like PE or CPT [4]. More concerningly, a mere 9.1% of this group completed the treatment, translating to an attrition rate exceeding 60%.
Recent research has explored the potential of non-trauma focused interventions that encourage patient engagement and retention while addressing PTSD symptoms. One promising adjunct intervention is the use of specially trained psychiatric service dogs. These dogs are distinct from emotional support, therapy, or companion animals in that they are specifically trained to perform tasks tailored to the psychiatric needs of their handlers, such as interrupting anxiety episodes, waking them from nightmares, or providing a buffer in crowded public settings.
Note: the VA does not currently provide or support service dogs for mental health conditions, including PTSD, and is still studying the potential benefits of such interventions.
Veterans’ Voices: Interest in PTSD Service Dogs
In August 2024, Hill & Ponton polled its audience to gauge the level of interest and access to PTSD service dogs. The 678 veterans who answered provide a snapshot of the current landscape regarding PTSD service dogs:
8.25% have at some point had a PTSD service dog
2.80% applied to get one but didn’t get it or are still waiting
44.39% never had one but would like a PTSD service dog
19.32% don’t want or need one
25.22% don’t know enough about PTSD service dogs
The answers suggest that there is significant interest among veterans for PTSD service dogs, coupled with a lack of access. Moreover, a quarter of those polled lacked information about this type of treatment.
Comments received from Veterans include:
A private psychologist did testing to support my PTSD claim and recommended that I get a service dog to help me deal with PTSD issues. Archie has been my angel service dog, and truly helps me daily living with PTSD and migraines.
A social worker said a service dog would benefit me but that was a couple years ago, and nothing has been said to me since then.
My personal dog goes everywhere possible with me and can tell when I’m getting uncomfortable. He will get on my lap, paw at me, get my attention. I would love to get him trained and certified to travel with me more places. Would love to get more info on the subject.
I don’t know how to even begin to seek receiving a service dog.
I attended several nonprofit organizations that provide PTSD Service dogs to veterans without success as the dogs were not properly trained. I purchased my own puppy and paid to acquire great training from a for profit organization. My dog is now trained for mobility, PTSD, scent detection, tracking and personal security. She is better than any dog I could get from a non profit for PTSD. Alot of it is because I put skin in the game and was totally committed. I am training another puppy for when my current service dog retires.
Recent Research Shows the Benefits of PTSD Service Dogs
Multiple studies utilizing the PTSD Checklist (PCL), a standardized self-report scale, have found that being partnered with a service dog is associated with significantly lower PTSD symptom severity compared to not having a service dog.
Rodriguez et al. (2018) compared 45 veterans with service dogs to 28 on a waitlist and found those with dogs scored significantly lower on the PCL. [5]
Most recently, Leighton et al. 2024 nonrandomized controlled trial of 156 veterans and military members [6], which is the largest nationwide study to date to compare the use of PTSD service dogs with usual care alone, measured PTSD symptoms after 3 months, with the following results:
The PCL-5 test
Service dog group average score: 41.9
Control group average score: 51.7
The CAPS-5 test
Service dog group average score: 30.2
Control group average score: 36.9
The service dog group’s lower scores represent significantly lower PTSD symptom severity. The researchers also looked at how many people still met the criteria for PTSD after 3 months:
In the service dog group, 75% (51 people) still had PTSD
In the control group, 85% (56 people) still had PTSD
Beyond subjective self-report measures, biological markers also point to the therapeutic effects of service dogs. Rodriguez et al. (2018) examined the cortisol awakening response (CAR) in veterans with and without service dogs. The study found that veterans with service dogs had a bigger morning spike in cortisol compared to those without, which would indicate a healthier response to stress. This biological evidence supports the notion that service dogs may help restore balance to veterans’ stress response systems.
In 2024 a 3 month clinical trial drew similar conclusions, suggesting that service dog placement could help boost veterans’ morning cortisol response. [7]
These consistent findings across multiple studies provide strong evidence for the efficacy of service dogs in reducing PTSD symptom severity among veterans.
PTSD Service Dogs vs. Emotional Support Dogs
The Richerson et al. (2023) study, titled “Therapeutic and Economic Benefits of Service Dogs Versus Emotional Support Dogs for Veterans With PTSD,” [8] is one of the most comprehensive investigations to date. The researchers conducted a multicenter trial with 227 veterans with PTSD over 18 months, randomly assigning them to receive either a service dog or an emotional support dog.
Results:
PTSD Symptoms: Participants with service dogs had a 3.7-point greater reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to those with emotional support dogs.
Medication Adherence: Veterans with service dogs had an increase of 10 percentage points in antidepressant adherence compared with those with emotional support dogs.
This study provides strong evidence for the specific benefits of service dogs over emotional support dogs in reducing PTSD symptoms and improving medication adherence.
Specific Tasks Performed by Service Dogs
To understand how service dogs alleviate PTSD symptoms, Rodriguez et al. (2020) surveyed a group of veterans’ perceived importance of the trained tasks performed by service dogs:
Interrupt/alert – The dog lets the veteran know when they are feeling anxious and interrupts with a nose bump, placing head in lap, or some other behavior.
Calm/comfort anxiety – The dog performs a calming behavior such as making physical contact (laying on top of handler, placing head in lap, gently leaning against the body) when the veteran feels distress or anxiety.
Block (create space) – The dog positions itself horizontally in front of the veteran to create personal space.
Block (guard/protect) – The dog positions itself horizontally in front of veteran to guard/protect.
Cover (watch back) – Dog positions itself directly behind the veteran to “watch” the veteran’s back.
Social greeting – The dog helps greet people in public by sitting/offering a paw.
Wake up from nightmare – The dog recognizes that the veteran is having a nightmare and gently wakes them up.
The study found that the task most frequently performed by service dogs was to calm/comfort anxiety, reported in 52% of daily check-ins. [9] The “cover” or “watch my back” task was the second most frequently used, averaging 4.1 times daily. This task mimics military camaraderie, where soldiers guard each other’s blind spots in combat. Veterans report that this helps them share the burden of being constantly alert in public.
The social greeting task, while less broadly applicable to PTSD symptoms, was still considered moderately important. It’s especially useful in public interactions and may contribute to reduced social isolation and increased participation observed in veterans with service dogs.
The nightmare wake-up task specifically targets intrusive memories, nightmares, and sleep disturbances. 57% of veterans found this helpful for trauma-related nightmares, making it a crucial aspect of the service dog intervention for many.
The two versions of the “block” task – creating personal space and guarding/protecting – were rated similarly by veterans. While some mental health professionals worry this task might reinforce avoidance behaviors, veterans found it moderately to quite important for their PTSD.
Overall, service dog tasks addressed almost every DSM-5 PTSD symptom, with intrusion symptoms benefiting from the most tasks, particularly calm/comfort and interrupt/alert. The dogs’ calming presence and interrupting behaviors appear to help ground veterans during flashbacks and provide relief from distress.
In Veterans’ Own Words
The most helpful thing the dog does for one veteran is to “be able to walk through life knowing that if I were to have an anxiety attack it wouldn’t be the end of the world, I would have my battle buddy [service dog] to get through it.” [10]
For others, a service dog:
“reminds me to take my medication because he senses my mood and work [quality] deteriorates if I don’t take my medication. “
“gets me motivated, to get up and get outside” [11]
“[gives] constant companionship, I know he is always by my side. We are always together.”
“sleeps with me and wakes me up from nightmares”
“has allowed me to go to crowded public places to support my children’s activities that I previously would not have gone to”
“blocks people from getting too close and forces me to focus on her when I have rage episodes”
“has allowed me to become the father and husband I am supposed to be”
“has definitely improved my life in so many ways and has given me a better outlook overall” [10]
For these veterans, service dogs are more than just a treatment option. Their unconditional love and devoted companionship sets service dogs apart from other interventions and enables profound transformation of veterans’ lives.
Conclusion
The use of service dogs for veterans with PTSD shows promise as a complementary intervention. Current evidence suggests that service dogs can contribute to reduced PTSD symptoms and enhanced social functioning for many veterans. The high level of interest in PTSD service dogs among veterans underscores the need for continued research, education, and support.
References
Fulton, J.J.; Calhoun, P.S.; Wagner, H.R.; Schry, A.R.; Hair, L.P.; Feeling, N.; Elbogen, E.; Beckham, J.C. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans: A meta-analysis. J. Anxiety Disord. 2015, 31, 98–107. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0887618515000262
Lee, A.J.; LaFreniere, L.S. Addressing Attrition from Psychotherapy for PTSD in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Trauma Care 2023, 3, 274-293 https://www.mdpi.com/2673-866X/3/4/24
Edwards-Stewart, A.; Smolenski, D.J.; Bush, N.E.; Cyr, B.-A.; Beech, E.H.; Skopp, N.A.; Belsher, B.E. Posttraumatic stress disorder treatment dropout among military and veteran populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Trauma. Stress 2021, 34, 808–818. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33524199/
Maguen, S.; Li, Y.; Madden, E.; Seal, K.H.; Neylan, T.C.; Patterson, O.V.; DuVall, S.L.; Lujan, C.; Shiner, B. Factors associated with completing evidence-based psychotherapy for PTSD among veterans in a national healthcare system. Psychiatry Res. 2019, 274, 112–128. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30784780/
O’Haire, M. E. & Rodriguez, K. E. Preliminary efficacy of service dogs as a complementary treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in military members and veterans. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 86, 179–188 (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29369663/
Nieforth LO, Rodriguez KE, Zhuang R, et al. The cortisol awakening response in a 3 month clinical trial of service dogs for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):1664 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38238350/
Richerson JT, Wagner TH, Abrams T, et al. Therapeutic and economic benefits of service dogs versus emotional support dogs for veterans with PTSD. Psychiatr Serv. 2023;74(8):790-800 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36718602/
Rodriguez KE, LaFollette MR, Hediger K, Ogata N, O’Haire ME. Defining the PTSD Service Dog Intervention: Perceived Importance, Usage, and Symptom Specificity of Psychiatric Service Dogs for Military Veterans. Front Psychol. 2020 Jul 21;11:1638. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32849004/
Nieforth LO, Rodriguez KE, O’Haire ME. Expectations versus experiences of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) service dogs: An inductive conventional content analysis. Psychol Trauma. 2022 Mar;14(3):347-356 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33630635/
Crowe, T. K., Nguyen, M. T., Tryon, B. G., Barger, S., & Sanchez, V. (2018). How Service Dogs Enhance Veterans’ Occupational Performance in the Home: A Qualitative Perspective. The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy, 6(3). https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/ojot/vol6/iss3/12/
High legume content in grain-free commercial dog foods – particularly peas and lentils – were implicated as possibly causing dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA has since pretty much retracted that statement.
DCM is a form of heart disease. This post is about pea sensitivity or intolerance – an immunological response – that could possibly cause itchy skin or upset stomachs.
Commercial pet food manufacturers add peas or pea fiber to dog and cat food. Several reasons exist for this addition.
Peas are used instead of white potatoes which rank high on the glycemic index and can also cause immunological reactions in certain pets.
Peas and pea fiber have a binding quality similar to potatoes that is necessary for kibble.
Cross-Reactivity of Peas
Peas are legumes and a part of the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family and which includes soy, peanuts, chick peas, and lentils. The allergens contained in peas are closely related to, or found in, other legumes. Several clinical studies have been conducted around the world to find out if humans known to have a sensitivity to one legume will have a similar sensitivity to another. While my immunology peers debate the significance, it has been proven that some people will have cross-reactivity – not everyone does, but a decent percentage do.
NutriScan, Hemopet’s patented pet food sensitivity and intolerance test, measures a dog or cat’s saliva for IgA and IgM reactions to lentils, peanuts, and soy, along with other ingredients. So, it is my advice that if the results suggest that you avoid one of these three, it would be best to avoid peas as well.
It may appear a stretch to apply human results to dogs, but remember that the University of Chicago and other international institutions found that humans and domestic dogs share an extensive parallel genomic evolution, particularly in genes associated with digestion and metabolism, neurological processes and diseases such as cancer. According to the researchers, these genes have likely evolved in parallel due to the close living environment shared by humans and dogs over many thousands of years, including possibly scavenging for food together.
Conclusion
Unfortunately, pet food manufacturers recognize sensitivity reactions to meat-proteins, grains, and potatoes but typically are not concerned about or are unaware of the similar impact of other ingredients. So, they will use peas as a standardized product in limited ingredient foods. While I applaud the introduction of limited ingredient foods, I urge them to expand their product options. This is a significant reason why I prefer home-cooked meals for pets.
Dodds, Jean, DVM, and Diana Laverdure, MS. Canine Nutrigenomics: The New Science of Feeding Your Dog for Optimum Health. DogWise Publications, Wenatchee, WA, 2015. Print.
For many people entering rehab, the inability to find someone to care for their pets while they are away is often difficult and painful. An organization in Colorado called PAWsitive Recovery has stepped up to help fill that void by taking care of pets for people going through treatment for drug and alcohol abuse. (AP video by Thomas Peipert)
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Simon Rubick, who sought help from PAWsitive Recovery while he was recovering from drug and alcohol addiction, holds his rescue dog Tonks in Aurora, Colo., on Monday, June 3, 2024. (AP Photo/Thomas Peipert)
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Simon Rubick, who sought help from PAWsitive Recovery while he was recovering from drug and alcohol addiction, holds his rescue dog Tonks in Aurora, Colo., on Monday, June 3, 2024. (AP Photo/Thomas Peipert)
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Ben Cochell, a volunteer for PAWsitive Recovery, lets his foster dog Dexter lick his face at his home in Denver on Tuesday, March 26, 2024. (AP Photo/Thomas Peipert)
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=Ben Cochell, a volunteer for PAWsitive Recovery, walks his foster dog Dexter with his family in Denver on Tuesday, March 26, 2024. (AP Photo/Thomas Peipert)
By THOMAS PEIPERTUpdated 8:39 AM PDT, September 1, 2024Share
DENVER (AP) — Simon Rubick had lost almost everything to decades of alcoholism and drug addiction.
In 2022, he found himself without a vehicle and without a home, which forced his two teenage children to move in with friends. He had burned bridges with friends and family and it took a drug-induced stint in the hospital for him to realize his cocaine addiction was going to be a “death sentence.”
Rubick, who lives in the Denver suburb of Arvada, Colorado, knew he needed help. But first he had to figure out what to do with one of the only sources of unconditional love and support he had left: his beloved German shepherd rescue, Tonks.
Most residential rehab centers in the United States don’t allow patients to bring their pets along, said Rubick, 51. So when his brother could no longer help care for the dog, Rubick thought he would have to make the excruciating decision to give up Tonks.
“It basically came down to being able to take care of my dog or being able to take care of myself,” he said.
Rubick — who has been sober for more than two years and is now an addiction recovery coach — was connected to the group PAWsitive Recovery, which fosters animals while their owners receive treatment for drug and alcohol abuse, and for people dealing with domestic violence or mental health crises.
“People that are trying to get into recovery sometimes have lost their families, their children, any kind of support system that they have had,” said Serena Saunders, the organization’s program manager. “You’re not going to compound trauma that you’ve already had by giving up the one thing that hasn’t given up on you, and that’s people’s animals.”
Saunders founded PAWsitive Recovery in Denver three years ago. Since then, it’s helped more than 180 people and their pets, and Saunders said the group has looked to expand nationally after it became a part of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals International. The organization, whose largest foster network is in Colorado but accepts applications nationwide, is one of just a few programs in the U.S. that cares for the pets of people seeking treatment for substance abuse.
Saunders’ own experience with drug and alcohol addiction has helped her tailor the program. She said she had a “pretty broken childhood,” with her mother being schizophrenic and addicted to methamphetamine and her father also struggling with addiction. She sought comfort in alcohol when she was about 12 and was using hard drugs by the time she was 14.
“Addiction just gave me trauma after trauma,” said Saunders, now 41.
Saunders was seeing a therapist for her depression and PTSD when a fortuitous session planted the seed of PAWsitive Recovery. With a background in veterinary and shelter medicine, which focuses on caring for homeless animals, she told her therapist she wanted to incorporate her love of dogs in her recovery.
“And that’s what we did,” said Saunders, who fostered Tonks for several months while Rubick was in treatment and facilitated visits between the two best friends.
“To see a broken person when we’re meeting them in a parking lot, when they have nothing left to live for but their animal. And to see how broken and how desperate they are in that moment, and then to circle back around six months later and see them completely turn their lives around is just so special. It’s amazing,” said Saunders, who has been sober for 3 1/2 years.
That sentiment is echoed by the organization’s volunteer foster families, some of whom are drawn to the program because of their own experiences with addiction.
Denver resident Ben Cochell, 41, who has been sober from alcohol for more than seven years, has two dogs of his own and has fostered several more.
“One of my favorite parts about fostering in this program is the ability to teach my kids some life lessons in how to help others and how to care for animals and be kind, be loving. And to just give of yourself,” he said. “That’s what you have. Your time and your energy. And you can give that away freely.”
If not for PAWsitive Recovery, Rubick said he probably would have ended up living on the streets with his dog and trying to figure out recovery on his own. But as it turned out, by being able to keep his rescue dog, Tonks ended up rescuing Rubick, he said.
“It’s that connection, caring for another creature and having something else care for you the way that animals do,” Rubick said. “It’s just unconditional, and sometimes that’s one of the things that people in recovery really need to be able to feel.”
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Associated Press writer Colleen Slevin contributed to this report.
This is not just a “large breed dog,” she is FAT. Her backbone is indented by the excess flesh on her ribs. She’s at high risk of muscle and ligament injuries, anal gland problems, diabetes, and a host of other health problems due to being overweight.
A professional organization called the Association for Pet Obesity’s Prevention (APOP) recently released a report stating that most of the dogs in the U.S. are overweight, their owners don’t know it, and their veterinarians don’t feel comfortable talking to their clients about it. This feels like crazyland to me!
I think I have to agree with the premise that most people really don’t recognize their dogs’ weight problem. When I attempt to have conversations with the owners of fat larger breed dogs, nine times out of 10, the owner will say, “Well, his mother and father both weighed over 100 pounds, these are just a large breed!” Or, “He’s in the weight range for the breed standard!” Ignoring the fact that the dog has no waist whatsoever and is literally covered with fat rolls.
Small dog owners often just think their dogs are cute. And as long as they can pick them up, they don’t think the weight is a problem.
My own sister didn’t get serious about reducing the weight of her little dogs until Dinah, a presumed Chihuahua/Dachshund-mix, got so obese that she couldn’t maintain the hygiene of her own nether end and developed serious anal gland issues. WARNING: This is exceedingly gross to contemplate. Skip the next paragraph if you are easily grossed out!
When lick their own butts, it helps keep the anal glands in working order. Big dogs have fewer problems with their glands than small dogs partly because they have bigger, stronger tongues, which help massage and empty the glands when they lick their butts. When dogs like Dinah get too fat to reach their bottoms with their tongues, the glands can become impacted and infected unless the owner is aware of this and makes sure to either empty the glands or take the dog to a groomer or vet occasional to have the glands checked and emptied.
Anyway, to me, the most shocking part of the report is the allegation that 84% of the veterinarians who responded to the survey said they don’t want to upset their clients by talking about their dogs’ weight. But health and weight are so linked in dogs! I think that if a vet fails to discuss a dog’s overweight it’s a total dereliction of their veterinary duty! The problems associated with or directly caused by obesity in dogs are legion!
And yet, I get it. A vet only gets so much time with a client, and it probably often feels like there isn’t enough time to talk about the dog’s more pressing health issues and the overweight condition—even if the obesity may have contributed to the problem. Even at well-pet visits, people often spend more time discussing flea and heartworm preventives, vaccines, and the like.
My friend Tim Steele, a gifted dog trainer (who broke my heart by moving from my area to Florida a couple years ago), once told me that he never talks directly to dog owners about their dogs’ weight problems; he addresses his concerns to the dog—in front of the owner, obviously! He’ll say, “Oh my goodness, who is measuring your food? Or are you sneaking into the refrigerator at night?! I think you need to get on a little diet!” Often, he reports, the owner will join the “conversation” at that point, saying something like, “Do you really think he needs to be on a diet?” instead of feeling directly confronted. I think that’s a genius approach—and perhaps one I can recommend to veterinarians!
My appreciation to reporter Tim Wall of Petfood Industry for being the first to cover the APOP’s 2023 survey.
For some of us, coconuts conjure up images of palm trees and tropical locales. For others, they take us back to mouth-watering memories of our mother’s home-baked coconut cream pie – or even the sweet, gooey center of our favorite childhood candy bar! But did you know that besides tasting delicious, the oil pressed from the meat of the coconut contains numerous health benefits, for people and companion animals? Let’s take a closer look at coconut oil and why you should consider adding some to your pet’s diet.
If it’s saturated, isn’t it bad?
Fats are made up of fatty acids that fall into three categories – monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and saturated. Saturated fats, which are predominantly found in animal products such as meat and dairy and are solid at room temperature, have been linked to a host of health issues in people such as obesity, high cholesterol and increased risk of heart disease. As a plant-based saturated fat, coconut oil was once grouped with other unhealthy fats, and people were advised to avoid consuming it.
However, even though coconut oil is a saturated fat, it is not unhealthy. In fact, it contains numerous health benefits!
The chemical structure in coconut oil is quite different from the fat found in, say, a steak or a slab of butter – and that difference has huge implications for our health and our pets’ health.
Whereas most saturated fats are comprised of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs), coconut oil is comprised mainly of medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs), or medium chain triglycerides (MCTs). Our bodies metabolize (break down) and recognize medium chain fatty acids differently than long chain fatty acids, producing a very different effect.
Benefits of Coconut Oil
There are many reasons to let your pet indulge in some coconut oil every day. For example, we now know that, unlike animal-based saturated fats that contribute to heart disease, coconut oil is actually heart healthy!
Coconut oil also contains lauric acid, a saturated fatty acid that converts in the body to monolaurin, a monoglyceride compound with numerous beneficial properties, including anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-microbial, anti-fungal and anti-protozoal. Lauric acid actually destroys lipid-coated bacteria, fungus and viruses such as herpes, the measles, influenza, hepatitis C and HIV, ringworm and athlete’s foot.
In addition, studies show that MCTs such as those found in coconut oil provide a wide range of health benefits, including:
Help with weight loss (MCTs increase metabolism, send signals of satiety and cannot be stored as fat)
Improve digestion and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
Benefit the skin and coat
Provide a rapid form of non-carbohydrate energy
Coconut Oil: The new “brain food”
But of all these benefits, my favorite is that coconut oil is scientifically proven to improve brain function in older dogs – findings that have important implications for people and animals.
In one study, 24 senior Beagles fed a diet supplemented with 5.5% MCTs showed significant improvement in cognitive ability within just one month. The study’s authors concluded that the MCTs (as contained in coconut oil) provided an alternative source of brain energy for the senior dogs.
As the body’s “supercomputer”, the brain requires a lot of energy, most of which is satisfied when our bodies metabolize glucose from the foods we eat. However, as we age, we metabolize glucose less efficiently, leaving a “gap” in the brain’s energy requirement. When this occurs, alternative sources of fuel become important to fill this gap and provide much-needed energy to the brain. This is where MCTs such as those contained in coconut oil can help save the day:
Unlike regular fats (which the body metabolizes slowly), MCTs break down and absorb rapidly into the bloodstream, providing a quick source of non-carbohydrate energy.
MCTs readily cross the blood-brain barrier, supplying up to 20% of a normal brain’s energy requirement.
MCTs are important for ketone production, which serve as an additional source of “brain food”.
MCTs help the body use omega-3 fatty acids more efficiently and increase omega-3 fatty acid concentrations in the brain (a good reason to give your dog both omega-3s and coconut oil)
What to Look for
When purchasing coconut oil, opt for unrefined, cold-pressed varieties. If possible, choose organic brands to avoid potential contamination from pesticides. Coconut oil does not need to be stored in the refrigerator, but since it is light sensitive (like all oils), it’s best to keep it in a dark cupboard. Dark glass containers are excellent storage choices, as they protect the oil from light while also ensuring that no BPAs (harmful chemicals found in many plastic containers), leach into the product.
How Much
Studies show that coconut oil fed as 10% or less of your dog’s diet poses no digestive or other health issues. The agreed-upon amount to start is 1/4 teaspoon for dogs less than 15 pounds and 1 tablespoon for larger dogs. You will need to balance coconut oil for weight management.
If your companion dog is doing well and not exhibiting any side effects such as weight gain, the standard threshold is 1 teaspoon per 10 pounds of body weight per day.
Since too much coconut oil can cause diarrhea, I advise exercising common sense and introducing it to your pet slowly.
References
Aldrich, G, 2009, “MCTs an overlooked tool in dog nutrition”. Feedstuffs, 81(35) :10.
Pan, Y, Larson, B, Araujo, JA, Lau, W et al, 2010, “Dietary supplementation with medium-chain TAG has long-lasting cognition-enhancing effects in aged dogs”. Brit J Nutr, 103 (12): 1746-1754, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20141643/.
This poor dog was stung by a bee in the eye. Causing some pretty worrying swelling. However, with proper care and attention he will be okay.
Spring is springing forth all over the country. Flowers, grasses, and trees are blooming, and the pollinators are out in force. This is great news for plants, and less great news for our canine friends. Dogs are more prone to being stung by insects than we are, given that they aren’t always aware that some of the buzzing, flying insects they love to chase can hurt! A dog stung by a bee can be scary, but care will ensure your dog will be okay.
The most likely sting suspects are the Hymenoptera species, which include bees, wasps, hornets, and fire ants. As an emergency veterinarian, I often treated dogs who suffered bee and wasp stings, with reactions ranging from very mild localized swelling and pain to anaphylactic shock. These symptoms were sometimes caused by a direct sting to the muzzle or paw, but in some cases, they occurred when a dog ingested a bee! It’s important to know what is normal and what is not when this happens.
The typical dog bee stinging event leaves the dog with a single sting on the muzzle or foot. This is because of dogs’ horizontal, four-footed orientation and their innate curiosity. The feet often find the insects when running through the grass, and the curious muzzle will follow.
What to Do If Your Dog Gets Stung
In the case of most stings, there will be very mild redness and swelling. Your dog may suddenly limp and/or favor a paw, or have a red, swollen spot on the face. In some cases, a stinger can still be found in the wound. This is extremely difficult to find without a still, calm dog and a magnifying glass. In some cases, removal of a stinger must be done at a veterinary office. You can try to visualize and remove it at home, but it may not be possible.
Initial treatment for a sting or bite of this severity can consist of rest and a cold compress to relieve swelling and pain. Do not administer over-the-counter medications; these are generally not safe for dogs. If you are concerned that your dog is in significant pain, contact your veterinarian to discuss a pain-management strategy.
Hives, wheals, and welts are a moderate reaction to stings. Just like their human counterparts, dogs who have been stung can break out in unsightly hives. These are usually very itchy and uncomfortable. The first sign often noticed is the dog rubbing along furniture or scratching at the face and eyes. The hives may manifest as bright red streaks or lumps all over the body or be confined to a single place.
As long as there is no attendant vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, or collapse, this can be managed at home successfully. Diphenhydramine (the active ingredient in Benadryl) can be given at 1 to 2 milligrams per pound of body weight. If using a Benadryl product, check to make sure there are NO other active ingredients. Some Benadryl products contain decongestants as well, and these can be dangerous for dogs.
Diphenhydramine can be repeated every six to eight hours as needed to help with hives. They can sometimes take hours to a few days to completely resolve. Diphenhydramine can cause drowsiness, but in some dogs, it can cause excitement (called a paradoxical reaction).
Severe Bee Sting Reactions in Dogs
In the most severe cases, dogs can develop anaphylactic shock. In canines, the shock organ is the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (in contrast to cats and humans, in which it is the lungs). Dogs in anaphylactic shock do not necessarily develop difficulty breathing. They are much more likely to develop sudden onset of vomiting, diarrhea, and collapse. The diarrhea and vomit can both be extremely bloody, in some cases.
This is an absolute emergency and should be treated as such. Once evaluated by a veterinarian, your dog will be treated with intravenous (IV) fluids, epinephrine, possibly steroids, oxygen, and very close monitoring. Diagnostic testing will likely include blood pressure monitoring, bloodwork, and maybe an abdominal ultrasound.
Often, when dogs are stung, it is not witnessed, so it can be difficult to determine the cause of the signs. Anaphylaxis can also look like an Addisonian crisis; severe, acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE); or mesenteric volvulus. One helpful test is the abdominal ultrasound. Gallbladder wall swelling (edema) can be used to determine if anaphylaxis is the true cause of the signs. Another indicator is that anaphylaxis is a very sudden onset in a previously healthy dog that has just been outside.
With rapid and aggressive treatment, most dogs will recover from this type of shock, but early treatment is essential. In some cases, your veterinarian may recommend carrying an EpiPen Jr for future outdoor travels with your dog. Despite having this on hand, any suspicion of an anaphylactic event should prompt immediate evaluation by your veterinarian.
When Your Dog Suffers Multiple Bee Stings
Initial symptoms in dogs include multiple bites, marked pain and swelling, hyperthermia (temperature can elevate to a deadly 107 degrees), heavy panting, rapid heart rate, and in some cases, muscle tremoring.
There is no antidote, so treatment is aimed at supportive care. This must be aggressive, as dogs can later develop systemic effects such as kidney failure. The kidney failure develops due to generalized muscle trauma from the stings and hyperthermia. When the muscle is damaged, extra myoglobin (a muscle enzyme) is released into the bloodstream. This must be metabolized by the kidneys, and excess amounts can cause renal damage. This will lead to a dark brown color to urine and elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine.
Treatment is centered on maintaining hydration with IV fluids, pain relief medications (generally strong drugs like opioids), and close monitoring of vitals and bloodwork. NSAIDs like carprofen and meloxicam should be avoided due to the risk of kidney failure.
A different and less-common scenario is a sting to the inside of the mouth or the tongue. These stings can be more severe because of the amount of pain and swelling. In rare cases, swelling in the mouth could lead to airway inflammation, obstruction, and labored breathing. While this isn’t common, it can happen. If you know that your dog was stung in the mouth or on the tongue, monitor closely for any signs of respiratory distress. These include wheezing or other noisy breathing, coughing, and difficulty pulling air into the lungs (inspiratory dyspnea). Seek veterinary care!
In these cases, your dog may need to receive respiratory support. This might include an oxygen mask, nasal oxygen prongs, or in serious cases, where the upper airway is obstructed, the placement of an emergency tracheostomy tube. This allows the veterinarian to bypass the swollen upper airway and provide the patient with life-saving oxygen. These are temporary and will be removed when the swelling has resolved enough to allow normal respiration.
Most reactions to bee stings are mild, but it is important to recognize the more severe symptoms so that immediate treatment can be started and systemic effects minimized.
What About Killer Bees?
A special note about Africanized killer bees should be made. These are a hybrid of two honeybees: the western honey bee and the Iberian honey bee. They were hybridized in Brazil in the 1950s with hopes of increasing honey production. Unfortunately, swarms escaped quarantine and migrated through Central America and into the Southwest and Florida. These bees are still largely isolated to those areas, but with global temperatures in flux, they can be expected to spread.
Unlike the usually docile honey bee, these bees can be very easily aggravated and aggressive and even chase victims. When annoyed, they tend to attack in large swarms. Interestingly, the venom is the same as other honey bees, which are rarely fatal. It is the multiple stings that can be fatal for animals and humans.
Catherine Ashe, DVM, practiced emergency medicine for nine years and now works as an associate veterinarian at Skyland Animal Hospital in Asheville, N.C.
Excerpted from Kennel Cough by Randy Kidd, DVM, PhD
The two most common afflictions of the respiratory system are the “common cold” and kennel cough. Both of these ailments are usually instigated by any of a number of viruses, often followed by secondary bacterial invasion. The severity of the symptoms varies widely, but in most “colds” they are mild and include wheezing, coughing, reluctance to move, and perhaps a mild fever.
Kennel cough (a.k.a. infectious tracheobronchitis), on the other hand, can produce symptoms that appear extreme, with a dry, hacking cough accompanied by frequent, intense gagging. I’ve had caretakers rush their kennel-coughing dog in to see me, thinking he has a bone caught in his throat. Despite its appearance, a typical case of kennel cough is not life-threatening, and it tends to run its course in a few days to a week or so. But it is a disease that is frustrating for pet and caretaker alike.
Kennel cough results from inflammation of the upper airways. The instigating pathogen may be any number of irritants, viruses, or other microorganisms, or the bacteria Bordetella bronchiseptica may act as a primary pathogen. The prominent clinical sign is paroxysms of a harsh, dry cough, which may be followed by retching and gagging. The cough is easily induced by gentle pressure applied to the larynx or trachea.
Kennel cough should be expected whenever the characteristic cough suddenly develops 5 to 10 days after exposure to other dogs – especially to dogs from a kennel (especially a shelter) environment. Usually the symptoms diminish during the first five days, but the disease may persist for up to 10-20 days. Kennel cough is almost always more annoying (to dog and her caretaker) than it is a serious event.
For advice on preventing kennel cough as well as natural and effective ways to soothe the symptoms, purchase Kennel Cough from Whole Dog Journal
DNA research has documented the importance of gut microbes in human and canine health, immunity, and longevity. A healthy microbiome—an umbrella term used to describe communities of bacteria, fungi, and other microbes in the body—destroys harmful pathogens, including disease-causing viruses, fungi, bacteria, and parasites. Most reside in the intestines, where they are known as the “gut microbiome.”
In a healthy gut, “friendly” or beneficial microbes secrete chemicals that destroy harmful bacteria and, if they are present in sufficient numbers, colonies of beneficial bacteria starve harmful microbes by depriving them of nutrients and space. In addition, the microbes in a healthy microbiome can bind to toxins, such as allergens and substances that cause cancer, removing them from the body through normal elimination.
Your Dog’s Microbiome
At 6 months of age, the gut microbiomes of healthy puppies contain over 500 different types of microbes. Though the numbers decline as dogs age, older dogs still have over 400 different types of bacteria and other microbes in their digestive tracts, approximately 80% of which are beneficial and 20% potentially harmful.
An estimated 70-80% of your dog’s immune system is in the microbiome. Dysbiosis (an imbalance of healthy or beneficial microbes in a dog’s body) leads to a variety of common symptoms that can be treated by improving a dog’s gut health, including:
Allergies, itching, and food sensitivities
Indigestion, diarrhea, constipation, and flatulence
Skin and coat problems
Dental problems and gum disease
Bad breath and unpleasant body odors
Arthritis or joint pain
Liver disease
Pancreatitis
Respiratory problems
Inflammation
Obesity
Diabetes
Susceptibility to infections
What Causes Gut Imbalances?
The simplest answer to what most affects dog gut health is modern life. Most American dogs eat processed foods and even the highest-quality kibbles are high in carbohydrates and low in enzymes and nutrients that are damaged by the heat and pressure of manufacturing. Add environmental factors like harmful chemicals, EMF (electromagnetic frequency) exposure, air or water pollution, and other 21st century stressors, and it’s no wonder our dogs are affected.
A Gut-healthy Diet
Holistic veterinarians have long argued that the most important factor in a dog’s health is food. A species-appropriate diet (also known as a biologically appropriate diet) is modeled after what wild canines consume, which is mostly the raw meat, bones, glands, blood, skin, and organs of prey animals. The natural canine diet is high in protein, moderate in fat, and low in carbohydrates.
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Frozen fresh, lightly cooked, and freeze-dried raw diets represent the fastest growing segment of today’s pet food industry. Look for frozen raw SmallBatch, A Pup Above, Stella & Chewy’s, Primal, Northwest Naturals, and similar dog foods in independent pet supply stores. You can feed your dog from scratch with the help of books like Dr. Becker’s, but brands like these are an easy way to provide the complete nutrition and variety that build a better microbiome.
Gut Health Supplements
In addition to feeding an appropriate diet, you can enrich your dog’s microbiome by adding prebiotics and probiotics to her food.
Prebiotics are indigestible carbohydrates, such as fiber, that feed and support the beneficial bacteria that live in your dog’s digestive tract.
Probiotics are live microbes that regulate immune response, produce short-chain fatty acids that have anti-inflammatory properties, prevent the overgrowth of harmful microbes, and help prevent leaky gut syndrome by strengthening the gut barrier.
Both are familiar supplements for pets as well as people, and several brands combine active bacteria with the fibrous foods that feed them. A leading theory about the effectiveness of probiotics is that the more different strains of beneficial bacteria they contain, or the more species-specific they are (derived from cat, dog, or wolf sources), the more likely they are to improve your animal’s microbiome. Most probiotic activity occurs in the intestines, which is why recommended brands use strains of beneficial bacteria that survive stomach acid.
Research shows that the popular probiotic strain Bifidobacterium animalis helped reduce stress in dogs moved to kennels from their homes and that it was as effective as antibiotics in treating severe diarrhea. The beneficial bacterium Bifidobacterium longum reduced overall anxiety in 90% of the dogs tested with it, and B. longum and other probiotics have been shown to reduce digestive problems. Probiotics are often prescribed for dogs recovering from antibiotic therapy, which kills both harmful and beneficial bacteria.
The strength or concentration of probiotic products is measured in CFUs, or Colony Forming Units. Most probiotics sold for human or pet use contain at least 1 million CFUs per serving, but many measure their CFUs in the billions. Check labels to compare brands.
In addition, you can help improve your dog’s microbiome by following these simple tips:
Keep your dog hydrated by encouraging him to drink, making clean water available indoors and out, and by adding fluids like goat milk, bone broth, or warm water to food.
Add fermented foods such as plain (unflavored, unsweetened) yogurt, kefir, cottage cheese, or raw fermented milk from cows or goats. For how-to instructions see “Dogs and Dairy Products.”
Examine dog food ingredients to be sure they are the best you can afford, focusing on good protein sources.
Rotate from one protein to another, a strategy that provides more complete nutrition than feeding the same food at every meal.
Limit or avoid carbohydrates, especially corn, wheat, and soy, which are commonly associated with allergies and digestive problems and which canines in the wild never consume.
Add fresh, whole raw, or gently cooked ingredients from your own dinner preparation whenever it’s convenient.
Add small amounts of dandelion greens, brussels sprouts, okra, asparagus, avocado (without the pit or skin), or nori/seaweed as meal toppers or mix them into your dog’s food.
Replacing as little as 20% of your dog’s dry or canned dog food with fresh ingredients can significantly improve gut health.
It’s National Pet Poison Prevention Week. Pets can be surrounded by dangerous items that they shouldn’t ingest or be exposed to. This includes human food, human medicine and dangerous household products to name a few. This month is dedicated to making sure people know what they can do to prevent and treat pet poisoning.
“Pet poisonings should be addressed as soon as possible by a veterinarian,” said Dr. Steven Marks. “Most poisonings do not have specific antidotes or a one-size-fits all approach and require supportive care from a veterinarian.”
Prevention and preparedness can save time and a life in the event your pet ingests or is exposed to something dangerous.
Dr. Steven Marks with his dog, Tucker.
“Pet parents can be ready for any emergency by knowing where local veterinary care is available at all times of day, especially after hours,” said Marks “I’d recommend saving to your phone the number to several offices that are open during the day and those open on nights and weekends.”
You can also save time by calling the vet before you head to their office.
“It’s important to call the veterinarian’s office ahead of time. That will allow staff time to prepare for your arrival and collect any important information as soon as possible. This is why having the number saved in your phone is such an important time-saver. Don’t forget to bring the container, packaging, or label of any products the pet has been exposed to, added Marks.”
Here are some more prevention tips from Dr. Marks:
• Carefully note in your home which items are dangerous and reduce exposure to them, similar to child-proofing a home. • Never give medication to your pet without a specific prescription from a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM). Many drugs that are safe for humans can be harmful to animals. Even those that are safe for pets are given at a much different dosing level. • Do not initiate any treatment without consultation with a DVM.
According to the Pet Poison Helpline, some of the most commonly ingested toxins for dogs, cats and exotic pets include chocolate, grapes/raisins, garlic, anti-depressants/anti-anxiety medication, Xylitol (found in many sugar-free products), lilies and rodent poison. Cannabis products and other recreational drugs are also incredibly dangerous.
Avoid onion products — Onion powder is more toxic to dogs than fresh onion and appears in a surprising number of foods.
Watch for signs of onion toxicity — Even a small amount of onion can trigger symptoms including lethargy, panting, decreased appetite, vomiting, and elevated heart rate.
Onion toxicosis can be fatal — Clinical signs often show up within 24 hours and quickly worsen, so it’s vital to get your pup to a veterinarian ASAP.
Are onions toxic to dogs?
Yes, onions are among the foods considered toxic to dogs. They contain a compound known as N-propyl disulfide , which causes oxidative damage to a dog’s red blood cells, resulting in anemia and, in extreme cases, death.
Whether raw or cooked, all parts of the onion plant are toxic to dogs, including the flesh, leaves, juice, and any processed powders. The same goes for the rest of the allium family, including chives, leeks, red, white, yellow, sweet, or green onions, and even garlic.
How much onion is toxic to dogs?
Onion poisoning gets worse the more onions a dog ingests. It’s commonly reported in pets who consume more than 0.5% of their body weight in onions, though the exact amount of onions that would be dangerous for your dog depends on factors including their weight, age, breed, and any underlying medical conditions they might already have (like diabetes, liver disease, or anemia).
These servings are calculated using one medium-sized onion weighing half a pound as a base (the equivalent of one cup of diced onions, or one tablespoon of onion powder).
Symptoms of onion toxicity in dogs
If you think your dog may have eaten an onion or onion powder, look out for:
Lethargy. Watch for a lack of interest in playtime, walks, and other activities your pup usually loves.
Weakness. Dogs may collapse, take longer to stand, be unsteady on their feet, or experience shaky limbs.
Decreased appetite. Your pup might be uninterested in food and treats or refuse their favorite foods altogether.
Pale gums. Any gum discoloration that isn’t normal for your dog might indicate a problem.
Fainting. Watch your dog’s overall responsiveness and for any sudden losses of consciousness.
Reddish urine. Red or pink discoloration in your dog’s urine after exposure to onion is a sign that something is wrong.
Vomiting. Drooling and dry heaving are frequently seen before a dog begins vomiting, which can all be signs of a more serious health problem.
Elevated heart rate. Larger dogs have a slower heart rate (about 70 beats per minute), while smaller dogs have a faster heart rate (about 120 BPM). Dogs with noticeably rapid heart rates should be seen by a vet.
Panting. While normal for excited dogs, when combined with other symptoms, heavy panting could indicate a serious problem.
Treating onion toxicity in dogs
If your dog is exhibiting any of the above symptoms, the best thing you can do is to get them to your vet as soon as possible. Your veterinarian will do bloodwork and diagnose your dog’s condition based on their symptoms and test results. If the blood tests detect hemolytic anemia (the formation of Heinz bodies on a blood smear) after possible onion exposure, all signs point toward onion toxicity.
If your dog recently consumed onions, your vet may induce vomiting to try and remove the toxins from their body. Alternatively, they may give your dog activated charcoal to help absorb the toxins in their stomach.
Intravenous fluids can also help flush your dog’s bloodstream and rehydrate them if they’ve been vomiting. In extreme cases, your dog may require a blood transfusion or supplemental oxygen.
Safe vegetables for dogs
While onions are toxic, there are plenty of healthy and safe vegetables for dogs . These include:
Broccoli. Broccoli is high in fiber and vitamin C and low in fat but is known to cause gas when given in large amounts. It’s best used as an occasional treat.
Brussels sprouts. Loaded with nutrients and antioxidants, Brussels sprouts are healthy but can also cause gas.
Carrots. A great low-calorie snack that is high in fiber and beta-carotene (which produces vitamin A). Plus, they’re great for your dog’s teeth!
Celery. Full of vitamins A, B, and C, celery is also known to promote a healthy heart and fight cancer.
Green beans. High in fiber and low in calories, green beans are also full of healthy vitamins and minerals. When buying canned green beans, look for low-salt or no-salt options.
Peas. All types of peas are safe and healthy for dogs, including green peas, snow peas, sugar snap peas, and garden or English peas. They have several vitamins and minerals and are high in protein and fiber.
Your dog may not be able to eat onions like we can, but there are plenty of dog-safe foods out there you can use to add some variety to their regular treat regimen. Just make sure to get your vet’s okay before introducing any “people foods” into their diet.
When in doubt, remember that commercially prepared, vet-formulated dog food is always the safest option. It may be tempting to share everything we eat with our furry best friends, but keeping certain foods to ourselves is a simple, effective way to keep our pups healthy.
Frequently asked questions
Are onions bad for dogs or cats?
Plants that are members of the allium family (including garlic, shallots, leeks, and onions) are all toxic to dogs and cats. These plants contain harmful compounds known as disulfides and thiosulfinates, which cause gastroenteritis, break down the body’s red blood cells, and eventually lead to anemia. In severe cases, onion poisoning can be fatal for pets.
Will a small amount of garlic hurt my dog?
Since garlic is smaller and about five times more concentrated than onion, dogs can experience toxicity symptoms after ingesting just one clove’s worth. Still, most dogs would need to eat several times that amount to consume a lethal dose of garlic, so your dog will probably be okay if they eat a couple of tiny pieces that accidentally fall on the floor. Keep in mind that like onions, garlic is especially toxic to particular types of dogs, especially Japanese breeds.
How much onion is a toxic amount for dogs?
If your dog gets into onions, it only takes .5% of their body weight to be a toxic amount. That’s equal to one small onion for a medium-large dog.
How long does it take for onion toxicity in dogs?
Symptoms typically show up within 24 hours but can be delayed for up to seven days after the onion is ingested.
Why are onions harmful to dogs?
Onions contain N-propyl disulfide, a toxic compound that causes a breakdown of red blood cells, leading to anemia in dogs.
What happens if dogs eat onions?
Dogs who eat onions can develop a condition called hemolytic anemia. This condition breaks down a dog’s red blood cells, leaving them without enough red blood cells to function properly. It can lead to limb weakness, fainting, vomiting, pale gums, decreased appetite, and more. Severe onion poisoning in dogs can be fatal.
